Book Review Of Hoplites Essays - Phalanx, Hoplite,

Book Review Of Hoplites Collected and edited by Victor Davis Hanson, Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience is a collection of nine scholarly essays specifically about the Hoplite warrior: describing the weapons used, how the identification and retrieval of casualties was conducted, the style of phalanx battle from the perspective of the actual soldier fighting as well as sacrifices and battle rituals. He reveals a new experience to the reader using these works, one that sheds new light on the hoplite warrior. Born on September 5th, 1953, Victor Hanson is a military historian and columnist specializing in the study of the classics and ancient warfare. Most notably known for his contributions on modern warfare and contemporary politics for the National Review he has published a number of books on ancient warfare and the classics most on Greek warfare and the Peloponnesian Wars. Keeping his love for the classics intact he received his Ph.D in that field from Stanford University in 1980. Hanson recently relinquished his position and California State University where he began teaching in 1984 where his solely responsible for the creation of the classics program. He currently writes two articles per week for the National Review. Although much scholarly research and publication has been made available on the topic of hoplite warfare, the collection of unpublished essays that Hanson has brought together has undoubtedly opened a new perspective of battle itself. Hanson may have very well been the first to successfully bring to light the events of battle. From the actions taken before blood had been spilled, those taken while fighting was in full swing, and until the last man who had so courageously fought, lay lifeless on the battlefield, no detail is overlooked by these authors in their works. The book opens with an imperative introductory essay by Hanson himself. In this essay he points out some of the many characteristics of the hoplite warrior. Speaking of the heavy armor worn but also of the hoplites background, saying Greek warfare as something other than a deliberate, contrived contest between small farmers (Hanson 8). He addresses the misconceptions and misconstrues that many leading experts and scholars have on the topic. In particular he cites Hans Delbrcks blinded idea that Greek warfare could not be understood unless it were explicable through analogy to the common practice of the German army (Hanson 9). This collection of essays differed in from many works that are similar on the subject of hoplite warfare in that it didn't predominately examine Greek battle in terms of strategy, tactics, politics, or similar macro-issues. Instead, this truly observed the Hoplite soldier from personal view. The book seduces the reader into the very agonizing reality of battle. As if the reader was standing in rank beside the hoplite soldier as he faces brutal hand to hand combat, a much more personal aspect to a previously foreign ideology. The readers finds themselves taking roles in the ritualistic sacrifice of animals before battle, the invocation of the gods and the retrieval of their fallen comrades after the fog of war had dissipated. What was it like to wear the brass armor and carry a shield, what was the importance of sacrifice before giving battle? Why would someone willingly enter such a zone of death? Each author plays a pivotal role in educating the reader on hoplite warfare. Hansons own introduction on the ideology of hoplite warfare eases the transition to Andersons essay on weapons, Wheelers explanation of how hoplite command was utilized, Ober on the obstacles hoplite warfare faced, and most insightful was John Lazenbys The Killing Zone. Lazenby speaks of how hoplite numbers were utilized and how different polis utilized them. He explains that the norm of hoplites was to have their files eight deep or more. However extraordinary cases would show the greatest depth recorded [as] the fifty shields of the Thebans at Leuktra (Hanson 88). In addition to equipment used and logistics employed, the traditions of battle are also explored. Peter Krentz devotes his work on how the salpinx-a trumpet like instrument used by ancient Greeks- was utilized and how it affected battle. Mainly used to sound a charge, it was also a pivotal tool in battlefield communication. Pamela Vaughn

Spain all in spanish essays

Spain all in spanish essays Espaneos de la Bahà ­a de Biscat. Es el este del Ocano Atlntico y el oeste de las Islas de Balearic. Espas que la mitad del paà ­s se compone de monta Espal tiene un papel en normas de gobierno. El primer ministro es llamado al presidente del gobierno en Espas de 500 miembros. Espan dos sistemas del tribunal, civil y militar, los Jueces deciden todos casos. Juan Carlos lleg a ser Rey de Espal jugaron un papel magnà ­fico al cambio Espa Durante los dà ­as tempranos de Espa mucho del paà ­s. Ellos cultivaron y construyeron las aldeas y los pueblos. Algunos de estos pueblos desarrollados en las primeras ciudades en Espa a establece las colonias y llev un comercio que prosper. Celtics y los romanos vinieron tambin a Espa durante las guerras de Punic y les tom 200 a tambin Portugal. Los alemanes invadieron tambin Espan Muslims. La invasin comenz en 711. Muchas gente espa a ser Muslim como resultado de la ...

Q1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Q1 - Assignment Example However, the insurance companies will have to provide coverage to every individual, without limit even to those with pre-existing health conditions. This process has been termed unconstitutional by US state supreme courts, arguing that the Americans should not be forced into health care coverage. Whether or not the bill solves the issue of health care as a privilege depends on the general implication of implementing the bill. The bill is likely to throw away individual mandate if implemented. What this means for the healthcare industry is that the pricing policies in the industry are prone to enormous changes that may not end up favoring the end user of the health insurance. Individual mandate provides a constant and a large pool of insurance coverage purchasers. In this regard, repealing the individual mandate is likely to increase American health insurance premiums. It is important to point out that the Americans who will be without insurance cover will opt to make use of emergency rooms as their healthcare procedure. As a result, the accrued costs from emergency rooms procedure will be shifted to the insured. The law’s purpose is to extend health insurance coverage to the American community. However, the law is prone to failure in the context of the high insurance premiums. This bill therefore, and the resultant law therein may not solve the health care issue as anticipated. The new health care bill has taken ethical and legal turns, with its applicability and benefit to the American society questioned. The Americans are expected to be health insured by the year 2014. Violation of this law will attract penalties as outlined in the law. However, the entire process has been termed unethical, because the law seeks to force people to comply. Freedoms of choice are hereby violated. The insurance companies will also be forces to cover all individuals, those with pre-existing

Broadcasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Broadcasting - Essay Example Do they view the audience as a mere mass of individuals anonymous to other people or they treat them as having some common interests and overlapping relationships Do they treat them as mere spectators who go home after the show or potential long term clients who can bring in benefits such as profits By knowing which of these holds true can we know what and how we broadcast. The Encyclopedia Britannica (Online) defines broadcasting as the electronic transmission of radio and television signals that are intended for general public reception, as distinguished from private signals that are directed to specific receivers. In its most common form, broadcasting may be described as the systematic dissemination of entertainment, information, educational programming, and other features for simultaneous viewing. Without doubt, we are broadcasting because we are trying to capture attention of the general public, the mass media or what we would call the audience Understanding them is imperative because they are the very reason why we are broadcasting. We want them to watch, hear, talk, buy from us and even feel us. We broadcast because we want them to listen to whatever we are saying whether we are reporting, selling, acting or chatting with other people like those in talk shows. However, the way we want to gain their attention still depends on the way we view them. The term audience used to denote a congregation of people gathered in a certain space listening or viewing someone. In the days of the Romans and the Greeks, they were those who were watching and applauding orators and actors. They were those who watched the theatrical plays of Shakespeare and musical performances of Beethoven. The audience was simply regarded as people coming together a certain show. Today, there are different ways of viewing audiences and the two most prominent views are that of the audience as a 'market' and as a 'public/group'. The Audience as a Market In the view of audience as a market, the individuals composing the audience are considered as consumers. As such, we broadcast because we are trying to sell a product or service to the audience. In this type of view, effective communication as well as quality of audience experience takes the backstage. The priority is that people will be enticed to buy whatever we are selling. We are concerned with people who can buy the product and as such, we address them in a way that will appeal to their socioeconomic criteria. We are not concerned whether it is inappropriate to those in the lower echelons of society so long as it persuades those in the higher ups to prefer us. In this view, we then concern ourselves whether what we broadcast could capture the imagination of the people we are trying to persuade. We heighten the hype and creativity. We resort to gimmicks and other activities that may sometimes be unusual but is a sure attention grabber. This is actually a commonplace practice especially in corporate media where shows are filled with gimmicks design to keep the audience glued on the television so that ratings are high. The Audience as a Public/Group There exists an atomistic view of the audience- one which considers people as being too different from others and having large social distance to the broadcaster. The result of this view was a depersonalized way of broadcasting. Broadcasters

Key characteristics of bureaucracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Key characteristics of bureaucracy - Essay Example Webers work dealt with such dominant socio-political institutions like religious authorities, the government, industrial corporations, etc. And in the case of the government, it is through bureaucracy that it interacts with the general population. Bureaucracy can generally be said to contain the following key characteristics: efficiency, organization, procedures, protocols, laws, regulation, regimentation, specialization, etc. Weber added his own perspectives to the understanding of this construct. Firstly, Weber was not wholly critical of bureaucracy. To the contrary, he saw several positive attributes attached to the ideal type. While admitting that even the ideal type bureaucracy can be construed as legal domination, he goes on to say that it is an advancement over earlier forms such as charismatic domination and traditional domination (Huber and Shipan, 2002). In its ideal conception, bureaucracy brings efficiency, organization and concentration of the means of administration. Th ere is also a spirit of egalitarianism seen in this type, whereby the institution helps level the social and economic differences of the general population. On the flip side, the bureaucratic experience can be impersonal and inhumane at times. Weber associated the rise of bureaucracy with the industrial revolution and the attendant flourishing of the capitalist system. Hence, he sees as connection between modernity, capitalism, urbanization and the bureaucratic rationalization of society. In his influential essays such as The City and Capitalism and Rural Society in Germany, Weber acknowledges the â€Å"disappearance of the sociological relevance of the urban-rural distinction. The growth of the nation-state, the development of capitalism as an international order, and the bureaucratic rationalization of more and more areas of social life all mean that the distinctiveness of

Best Value Procurement Bids in Council Services

Best Value Procurement Bids in Council Services Empirical Work This paper is an empirical study on the strategic significance that Best Value (BV) Procurement adds to Birmingham City Council. The aim of the proposed research is to quantify the strategic link between the BV and the contemporary strategic Procurement. Then to create a model which will evaluate the contribution of the strategy when applied to Birmingham City Council. Best Value was introduced into the public sector in 1998, announced through the government’s white paper â€Å"Modern Local Government in Touch with the People†. This paper introduced extensive reform of local government, including the new initiative of BV. Within this BV is the e-Government, Community Planning, Strategic Partnerships and new political management structures (White Paper 1998). The theory of Best Value was aimed at improving local government services; this was introduced in the Local Government Act 1999. BV replaced the old system of Compulsory Competitive Tendering (CCT), and required local authorities to review over a period of five years, the method in which they conduct all their functions. This would take the form of consultation with the local community to deliver the most effective, economic and efficient services (Local Government Act 1999). The Governments intention to reform local government continued and in 2001 they published a further white paper entitled â€Å"Strong Local Leadership, Quality Public Services†. Addressed within this paper were issues that included strong community leadership, continuous improvement, comprehensive performance assessment, financial freedom and modernisation of finance systems (White Paper 2001). The report in 2001 Delivering Better Services for Citizens, a review of local government procurement in England was published as a consultation paper. The report included the following recommendation; there should be clear political responsibility for procurement, with elected members taking a strategic role in securing outcomes. Best Value is about breaking down the boundaries between the public and private sectors in local service delivery. (The Byatt Report 2001) This research paper is based on the government white papers and reports which initially defined BV in procurement and established Strategic Management tools used to identify strategic choice within local authorities. The conceptual analysis is based on identifying the congruence of strategic links between the BV definition and chosen Strategic Management tools. The focus of the paper is Birmingham City Councils BV practices, and this will be measured against the resulting model. The output of this research is to measure the strategic worth of Best Value and the strategic worth of Birmingham City Councils delivery of Best Value. The paper will evaluate the relative merits of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. Methodology The rationale of this chapter is to compare and discuss the research methods that could be used for this empirical research paper. When researching any paper there are numerous methods for collecting data, they do not always produce workable data that is easy to analysis. Therefore it is vital to review and plan the methods that will be employed. Before beginning any of the research a time scale will be composed, this will plan and set targets for the research. This plan is flexible, to allow for any considerable changes to the project due to unexpected research findings. Theoretically, the proposal should draw attention to any difficulties with the research question and the access to the data. Secondary Research The secondary research will discuss the theories and concepts which exist on the topic and be presented in the literature review. The findings from the primary research are then tested on these theories for validity (Saunders, M. et al 1997). Tertiary data sources will assist in the search for secondary data, this will reveal books, journals, newspaper articles, and Internet addresses on the topic (Bell, J. 2005). This section of the research will present some of the conclusions from the relevant Government’s White Papers as a secondary source of research data. Primary Research Primary research is vital to the project as it produces the raw data on the current situation in the organisations. A consideration when gathering primary research data, is obtaining the consent of both the organisation and individuals prior to initiating the research and this data must remain within the scope of the project (Saunders et al 1997). Primary Research Methods Method Type of Research Characteristics, Benefits and shortcomings Postal survey Quantitative Cost is low Response rate can be poor Answers may be incomplete Responses are pre-coded and simple so people can understand them this can mean the quality of information provided is lower than from other methods Telephone and/or email survey Quantitative Cost effective method of achieving robust sample allowing generalisations to be made Responses are pre-coded Certain groups do not have access to the telephone, so may be excluded from the sample It is difficult to ask sensitive questions over the telephone Works well with employers Face-to-face survey Quantitative includes both open questions as pre-coded Can achieve robust sample allowing generalisations if sufficient numbers are surveyed Expensive and time-consuming to administrator Ideal for gathering sensitive information or exploring complicated issues interview Qualitative In depth and detailed information can be gathered Interviewers are allowed more flexibility Answers to open questions can be difficult and time-consuming to analyse Expensive and time-consuming to administrator Focus group Qualitative A group discussion with around 8-12 people Can lasts up to 3 hours Capitalises on interaction between participants Participants are not representative of wider population which does not allow for generalisation Good method for gathering sensitive data Requires careful and unbiased analysis Case study Qualitative Researcher gains understanding of a individuals experience Provides good quotations and rich data Can bring alive other research, such as survey data Findings cannot be generalised to a wider population Qualitative Research Qualitative research is not just quality, it is the starting point where individuals understand and can talk about their lives. Qualitative studies attempt to explain social phenomena (for example experience, attitudes, behaviour, interactions and belief) in terms of the wider contexts of individual’s lives (Cresswell, J 1994). To gain this type of data methods such as direct, unstructured interviewing, or observation of real-life settings (ethnography) are used. The data that qualitative methods of research collect is usually words, rather than numbers, in the form of transcripts. That data is typically unstructured, and statistical methods cannot be used in its analysis (King, N. 1998). Individuals are surveyed or studied in order to understand their experience from their perspective, that is, what matters to them, rather than from the standpoint of the researcher or the professionals. Observational studies have been undertaken to understand the informal culture, of the organisation (King, N. 1998). Quantitative Research Quantitative research generates numerical data or data that can be converted into numbers, for example clinical trials or the National Census. Numbers are the main type of data that these methods collect, and those numbers will be analysed using mathematical or statistical techniques. Surveys that take the form of questionnaires are usually quantitative (Cresswell, J 1994). Conclusion This paper will combine both quantitative and qualitative approaches, using a qualitative study to guide the design of a subsequent quantitative study and by mixing elements of the one approach into the other. Questionnaires can contain both quantitative and qualitative questions. This paper will use both a quantitative and quantitative approach to the questions. This will be in the form of a ratings scale (1 to 5), whereas the qualitative questions will present a box where people can write in their own words. To obtain the strategic value in BV, a case study approach will be used; this will gauge the working practices and will enhance the data from the questionnaires. The secondary research will focus on the Governments white papers, and will introduce discussion from books and journals written on the subject. References Bell, J (2005) (4th Edition) Doing Your Research Project,  Open University Press, Buckingham Cresswell, J (1994) Research Design (Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches),  Sage publications, London King, N. (1998) Template analysis in G. Symon and C. Cassell (eds.) Qualitative Methods and Analysis in Organizational Research, Sage London Saunders, M. Et al (1997) Research Methods for Business Students,  Pitman Publishing, London. Papers White Paper (1998) Modern Local Government in Touch with the People,  Accessed through, www.communities.gov.uk Local Government Act 1999,  Accessed through, www.communities.gov.uk White Paper (2001) Strong Local Leadership, Quality Public Services,  Accessed through, www.communities.gov.uk The Byatt Report (2001) Delivering Better Services for Citizens,  Accessed through, www.woking.gov.uk

Technology and Happiness in Civilization and Its Discontents and Waitin

Technology and Happiness in Civilization and Its Discontents and Waiting for Godot Happiness is something most humans value above everything else. The various things in life that make us happy, such as family, friends, and cool cars, to name a few, are the very things we hold dearest to us and place the most value on. People fill their lives with things that please them to ease the gloom that comes as a result of the seemingly never-ending trials and tribulations of life. We gladly accept any amount of pleasure we can extract from the monotony of our daily lives, and we will do almost anything to achieve happiness. Throughout Civilization and Its Discontents, Freud talks about happiness-why we don't have it and how to attain it. He blames civilization for people's general unhappiness. Civilization is obsessed with technology, figuring out how the world works, and controlling nature. This focus on and excess of technology and science may have advantages, but it also has many disadvantages, the main one being unhappiness. Civilization hinders man's instinctual drives. Man is born with these innate drives, and when he is not able to fulfill them, he becomes miserable. There are restrictions placed on the members of a society through cultural norms and beliefs. All these things put together add up to an unhappy society. Freud believes that aggression is a primal instinct, and civilization thwarts this instinct, making man unhappy. Civilized society controls man's tendency toward aggression through rules and laws and the presence of authority. These mechanisms are put in place to guarantee safety and happiness for all individuals in a society. However, the necessity of suppressing the aggressive drive in m... ...r us, and we will become lazy. What are we going to do all day if we have machines to make meals for us, to do our laundry, and to clean our houses? We would do nothing. We would become like Vladimir and Estragon in Waiting for Godot-we would be doing nothing more than existing, which we have seen does not bring much happiness. The fact that happiness is valuable is proven when one takes a look at the various aspects of an individual's life. Each person surrounds him/herself with the people and things that bring him/her the most pleasure. Our happiness is so important to us that we will do almost anything to be happy. While many people believe that technological advancements can bring happiness, there are too many problems that come along with these advancements that in the long run do not bring happiness. Better technology does not equal more happiness.

Corporal Punishment in Schools Essay

Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer, or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable (Miller, Vandome, & McBrewster, 2009). Corporal punishment can be divided into three categories, these include: judicial, domestic and school. For the purpose of this essay we will be focusing on school corporal punishment, the advantages and guidelines to follow when using corporal punishment and the disadvantages and effects on children when child abuse is used in the name of corporal punishment. According to Vockell (1991), â€Å"Corporal punishment is the infliction of physical pain, contingent upon the occurrence of a misbehavior† (p. 278). It is a very controversial topic that is raised amongst educators across the nation. There are always advantages and disadvantages when hitting a child in the name of corporal punishment and the techniques used when punishing the child. Quite a few people support corporal punishment as an effective way of disciplining a child, while a large number of people believe corporal punishment is a cruel and inhumane way to deal with the child. Sometimes all children need is a little spanking to set them straight, help them see the errors of their ways, but, how would you know when you’re crossed the line from disciplining the child to committing child abuse. According to an article by Clark (2004): John Wilson suggests there are six advantages of corporal punishment: cheap and easy to administer, effective deterrent, effective reform, adjustable pain, fair: because of similar dislike of pain, no permanent damage (p.363). Some people who support corporal punishment can see only the positive effects of these advantages. Out of these six advantages and for the purpose of this essay, we will be focusing on five of the advantages. The first advantage of corporal punishment is that â€Å"it is cheap and easy to administer.† This simply means that, it will cost less to spank a child instead of a long period of imprisonment and if one does not care about the â€Å"niceties† about hitting a child, it can be easily administered. The second advantage that was stated by Wilson is that it is an â€Å"effective deterrent.† Educators believe that corporal punishment is the only language children understand because it is perceived as unpleasant. This may sound like a disad vantage, but, punishment by its own definition involves unpleasant stimulations. Children will likely keep to the rules govern by the institution because they would fear the physical pain and humiliation. The third advantage stated by Wilson is â€Å"effective reform,† this is the disciplining or reforming of a wrongdoer for misbehavior. As with effective deterrent, effective reform, also uses fear of physical pain and humiliation for attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable, to help improve or mend one’s ways. Another one of Wilson’s advantages states that â€Å"it is fair for all, since all people are similar in their dislike of pain† (Clark, 2004, p. 367). The recipients of physical pain knows how much it hurts to be spanked, paddled, canned, flogged or smacked, so they would try to stay clear of the obvious consequence. The final advantage states that there is â€Å"no permanent damage: when using corporal punishment. The recipients will learn self discipline when being administer corporal punishment as long as you follow the guidelines used in the institutions. These guidelines are put in place to help educators be responsible when disciplining a ch ild using corporal punishment. Simply put, the guidelines are a â€Å"How to manual† when administering corporal punishment. So here are some main guidelines of behavior management for corporal punishment. Firstly, educators should not use corporal punishment when a more appropriate technique is available, but there are always eases where sparing the rod can also spoil the child. If corporal punishment must be administered, educators should have a clear head. Teachers should not take out there anger and frustration out on the child. Punishment must be administered soon after the offence. Children tend to forget the reason why they are being punished after a long period of time has passed, making them believe that they should not be punished. It is also best to specify the behavior being punished. Educators must administer corporal punishment dispassionately. Teachers tend to spank or hit a child more aggressively because they might not like the child as a person. Not to mention, teachers should be bother wh en they are administering corporal punishment to any child. Administer corporal punishment in front of appropriate witnesses, these witnesses should be regarded as reliable and truthful in case of litigation. And, corporal punishment should be carried out with appropriate confidentiality, because, what good would it do to humiliate the child. And finally, make sure you follow all the rules and regulations prescribed by the school system, this is to assure you have the support and an effective defense, should a legal challenge arise. But with every advantage there is an equal disadvantage. Most people believe that corporal punishment in schools is not morally acceptance. This is where the disadvantages occur. According to Vockell (1991), â€Å"punishment is not likely to be logically related to the misbehavior† (p. 279). This just means that the students who are punished for misbehavior not worthy of punishment are victims of artificial punishment. Artificial punishment simply means, using another means of punishment instead of corporal punishment. The second disadvantage is that physical punishment often models socially inappropriate behavior to the child. According to Vockell (1991), a solid finding from child-rearing research states that, children who are spanked more often than others are more likely to hit other children and act out aggressively while growing up. Parents and teachers need to reason with children to make them better understand that there are consequences to their actions. The children should know that it hurts the adults more than its hurts them to be spanked. And, by explaining this to the children, they would not grow up solving their problems by hitting people that annoy them. Another disadvantage is that corporal punishment may inflict real injury to the child that can be related to child abuse. Teachers can sometimes take out there anger and frustration on children in the name of corporal punishment, leaving them with broken bones, torn ligaments, whiplash injury, blindness and in some cases death, just to name a few. Lastly, because of the injuries that children can sometimes sustain in the name of corporal punishment, litigation can occur. In the face of these injuries lawsuits are filed prohibiting corporal punishment in schools. Educators who believe that corporal punishment should be banned from school institution think that the physical and psychological effect on children far outweighs the advantages of corporal punishment. The arguments that are raised against corporal punishment said that is leads to abuse, it is degrading and humiliating, it is psychologically damaging and it teaches the wrong lesson. As always, there are instances where, corporal punishment can lead to abuse. A teacher maybe angry and frustrated at home and take out there vindictiveness and retaliation on the child. These teachers would then be crossing the line to physical abuse. Corporal punishment can be a degrading and humiliating form of punishment, because it involves the â€Å"direct and intense power to the body† especially if this punishment is carried out in front of the child’s peers. Corporal punishment can be psychologically damaging to a child. It causes submissiveness in the child affected by it, making them easy prey for predators who might sexually exploit them. No one can expect a child who is conditioned for corporal punishment to simply say no to a molester. And lastly, corporal punishment can sometimes teach the wrong lessons to children. According to Benatar (2001), â€Å"punishing a wrongdoer by inflicting physical pain sends the message that violence is an appropriate way to settle differences or to respond to problems. In conclusion, the arguments for corporal punishment might be practical and the only way for a wrongdoer to learn discipline and respect, but, at the end of the day, according to Europe (2007), â€Å"hitting people is wrong and children are people too† (5 p.). The effects on the children when using corporal punishment can be most damaging to their physical and emotional self. Even with school systems guidelines, teachers still commit child abuse in the name of corporal punishment. Bibliography B., P. (2006-2011). Phil For Humanity. Retrieved April 25, 2011, from The Pros and Cons Of Corporal Punishment: http://www.philforhumanity.com/Corporal_Punishment.html Benatar, D. (2001, October). Corpun. Retrieved April 25, 2011, from Corporal Punishment: http://www.corpun.com/benatar.htm Clark, J. (2004). Aganist the Corporal Punishment of Children. Cambridge Journal of Education , 363. Europe, C. o. (2007). Abolishing Corporal Punishment of Children: questions and answers. Council of Europe. Miller, F. P., Vandome, A. F., & McBrewster, J. (2009). Corporal Punishment. VDM Publishing House Ltd. Vockell, E. L. (1991). Corporal Punishment: The Pros and Cons. The Clearing House , 278-283.

Reflection on Capitalism essays

Reflection on Capitalism essays It seems that in the United States of America Capitalism streams with grace. For me capitalism seems to be the best way for an economy to grow. Some may say, capitalism is unfair in terms of competition and giving the best possible price to the consumer. Or that capitalism creates classes where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. Im no doctor of the economy, or a spokesperson for all of America, but I feel that companys can be more profitable both in an economic and a personal standpoint by running a business based on capitalism. Looking at the predicament with competition, from most of my experiences at this stage of life for me, competition has done great things in terms of making products cheaper for me. For example, the computer hardware business, I built a computer one year ago using an Intel Pentium II 300mhz processor. I paid $520 for the motherboard and processor. Since AMD (a competitor of Intel) came out with the AMD K-6-2 processor, Intels prices have dropped considerably. As a matter of fact, I was on the Internet just yesterday and saw that I could by an Intel Pentium II 333mhz processor and a motherboard for just $335. Its just too bad that I couldnt say the same for Microsofts prices. But that topic alone could spawn a novel. I think that of late, many Americans have less faith in their government than they did 50 years ago. And having the government control the countrys industry would create all kinds of dilemmas. I was thinking about the statement the rich get richer and the poor get poorer and also about capitalism creating economic classes among society. Again, Im not a economics major, so the next few statements are going to be based on my assumption that - the difference between say, a doctors salary and a janitors salary in a capitalist economy would be much more significant than in a socialist econ...

Essay on The Lead WarsEssay Writing Service

Essay on The Lead WarsEssay Writing Service Essay on The Lead Wars Essay on The Lead WarsWho were the two sides of the case that’s introduced in the first chapter and what was the case about?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The case involved the Kennedy Krieger Institute and two African American children and their families, since two researchers from the Kennedy Krieger Institute conducted the experiment to study the impact of lead on the two African American children. The case was about the unethical behavior of researchers, who exposed their subjects to the threat by exposing them to the impact of lead, although they were aware of its possible negative impact on their health.What does the CDC say is a level of concern for blood lead levels? How has that number changed? How many children are currently at risk, based on their blood lead levels?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The blood lead level was excessive in children involved in the experiment that caused the steady deterioration of their health in the course of t he experiment and influenced their further life. However, the number of children exposed to the risk of lead impact has decreased due to tighter government regulations and growing public pressure.What are some of the symptoms of acute lead poisoning?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Symptoms of the acute lead poisoning involve muscle pains, fatigue, abdominal ache, headache, nausea and vomiting, seizures and in the most serious cases coma.What are some common sources of lead poisoning?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The common sources of lead poisoning are plumbing and water supply, especially if water is contaminated with lead because of the close location of sources of the pollution. Moreover, lead may be found in soil, home dust, toys, traditional cosmetics and other sources. In such a way, lead may be found in many items people use or are exposed to in their regular life.What are some of the symptoms of chronic, low-dose lead poisoning?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Symptoms of chronic, low-dose lead poisoning include loss of short-term memory or concentration, depression, nausea, fatigue, problems with sleep, frequent headaches. Children with chronic, low-dose lead poisoning may refuse to play and tend to aggressive or hyperkinetic behavior. These symptoms may have different manifestations and some of them may be more distinct than others depending on the dose and the time of the exposure to the impact of lead.Explain the Kennedy Krier Institute lead study. Who was it studying and how was it studying them? What was the problem with the study that caused all the controversy? What are our societys concerns about research involving human subjects?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In case of the Kennedy Krier Institute lead study two African American children were studied. They were exposed to a different dose of lead in their home environment, whereas the researchers measured changes in their health by regular examination and tests. Researchers measured the level of lead in their blood, observed their behavior, examined their health condition and assessed changes that occurred to participants of the study. The exposure of children to the impact of lead has had the negative impact on their health that has triggered the major controversy of the study, especially after the court’s ruling that took the side of the researchers, who actually led two children to the development of chronic health problems caused by their exposure to the impact of lead. In such a way, the issue of the correlation between the safety of human subjects and scientific needs emerged in society, which grows more and more concerned with safety of scientific experiments, which though are essential for the scientific progress and naturally are accompanied to certain risks to subjects’ health.What role did community activist organizations take in reducing the impact of lead on the U.S. population?  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Community activist organizations push on the government and companies to decrease the impact of lead on the US population. They inform the public of the danger of lead and force the government to enhance environmental legislation. They also push on companies to decrease the exposure of the population to the impact of lead. In fact, community activist organizations stand for interests of local communities and attempt to defend needs of the local population to secure their position and prevent the risk of the development of numerous health problems due to the exposure of the population to the impact of lead.What was researcher Robert Kehoes argument behind his position that environmental lead was perfectly safe? What was the opposing viewpoint of researcher Clair C. Patterson?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kehoe stood on the ground that people are exposed to numerous risk factors along with lead that may cause the development of serious h ealth problems, whereas Patterson viewed lead as the primary cause of those health problems. Therefore, they view the problem of the lead impact on the population from different scientific perspectives. As a result, they naturally arrive to different views on the impact of lead on health of people.Why do the authors think that attempts to regulate the amount of lead in our environment have been less successful then efforts to stop other epidemics? What are the economic problems?   What are the political problems?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The regulation of the amount of lead in environment can decrease the risk of the development of serious health problems that will have a positive economic impact because it will reduce spending on health services and improve the public health. However, politically this decision is difficult because it causes costly changes in many industries. In fact, the major political problem is the lack of adequate resources that are essenti al for the protection of the population, while the introduction of strict regulatory policies may cause the downturn in the economic development of the country and decline of business activities because companies have to spend more resources on the environment and population safety than into their business development.How did the Bush administration in the early 2000s directly affect the independence of public health science? What about epidemiologya field that, in some ways, is restricted to natural experimentation just as environmental science ismakes it vulnerable to that sort of attack?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The increased role of the government in epidemiological and public health control has decreased the role of public health science as an independent body. As a result, the government has started to play the main part in the epidemiologic management and public health policies. The increased role of government in the development of regulatory public health policies has raised the problem of the decreasing public control over epidemiologic situation and public health.

How Phisically Disabled Students Can Improve with Mobility Research Paper

How Phisically Disabled Students Can Improve with Mobility - Research Paper Example How Physically Disabled Students Can Improve With Mobility Skill Training According to Barnes and Whinnery (2002), the study that they conducted and analyzed was based on how the Mobility Opportunities Via Education (MOVE) curriculum impacted young students that had physical disabilities. Five students who were in elementary school were in the study test group to determine how this curriculum would help the them functionally walk despite their severe physical disabilities. Throughout this study, many tests and measures of the students' results were taken to see how if this newly-designed curriculum helped them progress in their learning process. Research Problem The problem addressed in this article discussed the issues of how Mobility Skills Training curriculum would help children progress physically, educationally and cognitively when the method of teaching was re-routed. Teaching young students that have severe disabilities can be difficult as they must overcome hurdles that other children do not. This analysis is imperative to help young students find new ways to grow and become better functioning students and in the future, adults so they will not be completely hindered because of their disability but instead make the most of their existing abilities. The hypothesis of this research is that the new curriculum will help the students progress and improvements will be recorded at the start, intervention and conclusion points of the experiment. Literature Review There are multiple points in the literary analysis by Barnes and Whinnery that can shed light on the background and necessity of the MOVE technique and how it could help students improve. One of the first key points is that all students regardless of their disability, if they are enrolled in a special education program, they are entitled to additional educational programs such as physical and occupational therapies. This is an educational minimum standard throughout the United States. According to rese arch in addressed by this article, therapists in educational environments have training that fulfills the medical side of a students' needs that add to the already in place educational goal (Craig, Haggart & Hull, 1999; Dunn, 1989; Rainforth & York-Barr, 1997). Secondly, another main point behind this research is that therapists usually try to correct the students rather than advocate that their behaviors are actually a norm for them, therefore, trying to build a different quality of life where a child may feel less successful when compared to a mainstream 'normal' student (Campbell, McInerney, &Cooper, 1984; Fetters, 1991). Lastly, a major key point is that these basic therapeutic programs do not necessarily help to increase the development of their functionality in a normal setting, but instead are just taught to perform at a minimal functionality due to their disability. Their standards are typically lower because of their physical disability (Rainforth & York-Barr, 1997). Method Research Format This experiment is primarily qualitative because there is a complete, detailed aim rather than a measure to test statistics. The outcome was subjective because it interprets the events through observation rather than seek measurements and analysis. The MOVE curriculum

The significant of 'GUANXI' towards contractors to endure in the Essay

The significant of 'GUANXI' towards contractors to endure in the construction industry - Essay Example There is one slight problem, however, which concerns business ethics and sense of fair play. When you work your way into the good graces of a client by establishing the personal connections of guanxi, you effectively shut out of this loop other contractors who are not into the practice, which is neither fair nor just. In addition, guanxi is often established by extending favors or giving gifts, which takes on the appearance of bribery and corruption. All the above postulates - the increasing interest of Western management scholars, the distinct significance of guanxi in the multi-faceted construction industry, the thin line that separates it from bribery and corruption - make guanxi an interesting study area for anyone seeking new management tools that could provide control and efficiency in an otherwise intractable industry. This is what Project Management in Construction is all about. Personal connections in guanxi are looked upon as a necessary condition for doing business successfully in China. The actors in the guanxi relationship may purposefully create or accidentally discover the affinity as they look for shared experiences to establish a common social identity. This then sets the stage for the guanxi interactions, which may be expressive or instrumental. Expressive interactions refer to socially oriented activities, while instrumental activities are pragmatic transactions and exchanges related to work and business. After the two persons become familiar through common bases, they proceed to engage in a wide variety of transactional activities to move from an outer to an inner circle. (3) 3. Relevance to the Course Guanxi has attracted the attention of Western management scholars who saw its rich potential as a business formula for success not only in China but elsewhere. This interest is evidenced by the frequent and copious mention of guanxi in popular and academic literature that no longer requires literal translations. There is a strong possibility that such fascination with the Chinese principle prompted the